Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 1 Planning in Sports

Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 1 Planning in Sports

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Key Points :

•  Meaning and objectives of planning.
•  Various committees and its responsibilities.
•  Tournament - Knock out, league (or round ribbon) and, combination.
•  Procedure to draw fixtures : Knock-out (Bye & Seeding); League (Staircase and Cyclic)
•  Intramurals and extramurals - Meaning, objectives and its significance.
•  Specific sports Programme (Sports day; Run for fun, health run, run for specific cause and run for unity)

1.1 Meaning and objectives of planning :
“Planning is a way to systematize, direct and organise the events or competitions and extract the advantage and benefit of the available resources.”
“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”
The success of Physical education programmes depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.
Objectives:

• To reduce undue pressure
• To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.
• To have good control over all the activities.
• To improve efficiency.
• To reduce the chances of mistakes.
• To increase the creativity.
• To enhance the sports performance.
• To protect existing facilities.
• Provide new facilities to meet demand.
• Helps in decision making.

1.2 Various committees and their responsibilities

1.3 Tournament : A series of sports competitions, in which, a team finally wins and rest of the participating teams lose the matches. It depends on various actors i.e. - No. of participating teams, availability of grounds and equipments, No. of days and funds.

Importance of tournament

1. The sportsman learns the discipline by playing tournaments.
2. The sportsman meets other sportsman at a single platform.
3. He learns ethical values such as honesty, fair play, respect for others.
4. Tournaments provides recreation to all, i.e. organizers, spectators, students.

Type of tournament
 A. Knock out : In this type of tournament, the team once defeated, gets eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning teams contest in the     next rounds. Opportunities are given to the winning players/teams.
B. League : In single league tournament all participating teams compete once, with each other, where as in double league, each team plays with every as in double league, each team plays with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or defeat.
C. Combination Tournaments: Combination tournaments are organized in group or zonal matches. Whenever there is a large number of     teams, combination tournaments facilitate the Physical Education Teachers, job. It gives them elbow room to try out new experiments.
There are mainly four types of combination tournaments:
(a) Knock out cum Knock out
(b) League cum league
(c) Knock out cum league
(d) League cum Knock out
D. Challenge Tournament: This type of tournament comes handy when there are one to one contests or there are two players on each side. One player challenges the other and the other player accepts the challenge. Games in which such tournaments are held are - Boxing, Tennis, Table Tennis, Badminton etc. Fixtures in such tournaments are decided according to :
(a) Ladder Method
(b) Physical Method
(c) Cobweb Method
PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURES:-
A Knock-out Tournament:-
In this type of tournament , if a team is defeated once, it gets eliminated. Only the winners continue in the competition. It is the fastest method to know about the winner team in the tournament.
Seeding a Team:- The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger teams do not meet each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding. This method is good if we know the real strong tarns. The organizers should find out the real strong teams from the previous tournaments or old records fegore starting a new tournament.
Bye:- The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, and exempting it from paying a match in the first round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific number of teams in the first round. The number of byes are decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher number which is in power of two’s.
Bye Next Higher No-no of Team [2n-no of teams]
Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out Tournaments:-
1. Total number of teams participating in the tournament
2. Total number of matches to be played in the tournament
     Formula for calculating number of matches=n-1,where n is the total number of teams participating in the tournament.
3. Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two things:-
      a. The number of teams playing in the tournament
      b. The higher nearest number from the total number of teams of power of two’s = 2n
4. Method of determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half:-
      a. If the number of teams is even, then equal number of teams will be divided in both halves i.e.- n/2,where n is the total number of teams.
      b. If the number of teams is odd,the following method is applied:
            Number of teams in upper half=(n+1)/2,where n=number of tarns.
            Number of teamsin lower half=(n-1)/2,where n=number of teams
5. The number of byes is a knock-out tournament are decided by subtracting total number of teams from the next higher nearest number in        power of two’s
1.4B Method for draw of fixture in league tournament:-

(a) Stair-case Method: In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method, no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd number of teams.
Example : Draw a fixture of 9 teams on league basis according to stair-case
method.

Solution:

Fixture

(b) Cyclic Method : In cyclic method, if the number of teams is even, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right hand side and other teams in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the left side and rotate them clockwise. If the number of teams is odd, then bye is fixed on top right side and the rest procedure remains same. The number of rounds in case of even number of teams will be n -1, where n = number of teams. The number of rounds in case of odd number of teams will be n, where n = number of teams.
Example 1. Draw a fixture of 6 teams on league basis according to cyclic method.
Solution: Total number of teams = 6

Fixtures

1.5A INTRAMURALS AND EXTRAMURALS:MEANING,OBJECTIVES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Meaning of Intramurals:-
Intramural is derived from the latin word’ Intra” and “muralis’.”Intra” means “within” and “Muralis” means ‘Waif .So we can say that the activities, which are performed within the walls or within the campus of an institution ,are called ‘Intramurals”
Objectives of Intramurals:-

1. To provide opportunity to every student to participate in Games and Sports
2. To develop Leadership Qualities among students
3. To develop Feeling of Cooperation
4. To provide Recreation
5. To develop the Feeling of Sports-manship
6. To provide opportunity to learn a variety of games and Skills
7. To provide opportunity to get Experience of Organisation of Competitions
8. To find out talented Sportpersons
9. To provide opportunity to Develop personality

B EXTRAMURALS:-
Extramural is derived from the latin words “Extra” and “Waif”. So, we can say that the activities which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school, are known as “extramurals”.
Objectives of Extramurals:-
1. Toprovide Experience to Students
2. To improve the Standard of Sports
3. To broaden the Base of Sports
4. To develop Sportsmanship and Fraternity
5. To provide knowledge of New Rules and Advanced Techniques
SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMME
Sports and games programmes are arranged in the world as well as in our country to promote the games and sports for a specific cause. Every country in the world has some or other cause for promoting specific sports programmes. The programmes motivate and create the feeling to take part in these sports prgrammes. People become health-conscious and try to remain fit and stay healthy for as long as possible. These specific sports programmes are usually organized by the federations, state government, NGO etc.to create health consciousness among the people and take part in health-related sports programmes. More and more people of all age groups should take part in such sports programmes. The various important specific programmes are:-

1. Sports Day:
   • School Annual Sports Day
   • National Sports Day
2. Health Run
3. Run for Fun
4. Run for Unity
5. Run for Awareness
6. Run for Specific Cause

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1 Mark Questions:
Question.1. Explain procedure for giving bye. [CBSE 2013,2012]
Answer. Before drawing a fixture, two things are ensured, i.e. whether the number of teams participating is a power of two or not. If the number of teams is a power of two, byes are not given. In case the number of teams is not a power of two, then byes shall be given. For instance if the number of teams participating are 11, next higher power of two will be 16. So, the number of byes is 16 – 11 =5.
Question.2. What is seeding? [CBSE 2013,2011]
Answer. Seeding is given to some special teams or those teams which are winners/runners up of the last year’s tournament. In seeding, the strong teams are selected to keep them at appropriate places in the fixtures so that they should not meet in the earlier rounds.
Question.3. Define knock-out tournament.
Or
What are knock-out tournaments?
Answer. This type of tournament is also known as elimination tournament. In this type of tournament, a team which is once defeated automatically gets eliminated from the tournament and only the winning team continues in the tournament.
Question.4. What do you mean by league tournament?
Or
What are league tournaments?
Answer. A league tournament is also known as round-robin tournament. In this type of tournament, all teams play against each other irrespective of winning or losing.
Question.5. Mention any four specific sports programmes.
Answer. Specific sports programmes are
(i) Health run (ii) Run for fun
(iii) Run for unity (iv) Run for awareness
Question.6. List the various types of tournaments.
Answer. Various types of tournaments are
(i) Knock-out tournament (ii) League tournament
(iii) Combination tournament (iv) Challenge tournament
Question.7. What is bye?
Answer. Bye is a privilege given to a team, generally by drawing lots, exempting it from playing a match in the first round.
Question.8. What do you mean by consolation tournaments?
Answer. Consolation tournaments are those tournaments in which an additional chance is given to the defeated team.
Question.9. What do you mean by extramural?
Answer. Extramural means ‘between institutions’ or we can say that these competitions are conducted between the players of two or more institutions.
Question.10. What is planning?
Or
What do you mean by planning in sports?
Answer. Planning is a process of development of a strategy to achieve desired objectives, to solve problems and to facilitate action. Planning covers all the aspects of any tournament.
3 Marks Questions:
Question.11. Briefly mention the objectives of intramurals.
Answer. The objectives of intramurals are

1. To provide incentive, motivation and opportunity to learn various skills.
2. To develop sportsman spirit among students.
3. To help in recreation of the students.
4. To improve social relations among the students.

Question.12. Discuss any two importance of tournaments.
Answer. The importance of tournaments are

1. Source of Recreation A large number of people go to watch various games and sports for getting recreation. Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators.
2.  Development of Social Qualities Social qualities such as cooperation, tolerance, sympathy, group cohesion, brotherhood and discipline are developed among participants through sports
   tournaments.

Question.13. What are the advantages of knock-out tournaments?
Answer. The advantages of knock-out tournaments are

1.  Minimum number of officials are required in organizing tournaments.
2. Less number of matches are played, thus requiring less time to complete the tournaments.
3. Less expensive, because the team which gets defeated is eliminated from the competition.

Question.14. Briefly explain about any two specific sports programmes.
Answer. Sports programmes can be explained as

1. Run for Fun It can be organised by any educational institution for another institution or organisation and for people of all ages. It is arranged just for the sake of fun to create good habits for good health. –
2. Run for Unity An institution can organise a run for unity to create a feeling of unity among the people and communities for the unity of the country.

Question.15. Mention the activities which are included in intramurals and extramurals.
Answer. Activities that are included are
Intramurals  Lazium, Dumb-bell, Marching, Tag game, Roller skating, Sack race, Shuttle run, Volleyball, Football, Cricket, Basketball, Athletics, Kho-kho, Cycling etc.
Extramurals  Friendly matches, Restricted competitions, Open competitions etc.
Question.16. Differentiate between intramural and extramural competitions in detail. [CBSE2011]
Answer. Differences between intramural and extramural competitions are

Question.17. Draw the fixtures of 7-teams on knock-out basis.
Answer.

Question.18. Explain cyclic method of league tournament for 4 teams.
Answer. In this method, one team is kept fixed and other teams are moved clockwise. When the number of teams is even, no bye is given, but if the number of teams is odd, one bye is given in each round.

Question.19. Explain the staircase method of a league tournament for 7 teams.
Answer. In staircase method, fixtures are made just Tike a ladder or staircasev This method is the easiest method because no bye is given to any team and there is no need of the stipulation of odd or even number of teams.

Question.20. Briefly explain types of league tournaments.
Answer.

5 Marks Questions:
Question.21. What do you mean by knock-out tournament? Draw the fixture of 21 teams on knock-out basis. [CBSE2013]
Answer. In this type of tournament, the team which is defeated once gets eliminated immediately and will not be given another chance to play. The total number of matches to played in this tournament will be equal to the number of teams participating minus one (N -1) e.g. if 21 teams are participating, the total number matches will be 21-1 =20.

So, knock-out or elimination tournament for 21 teams will be

Question.22. What do you mean by specific sports programmes? Explain any three. [CBSE2013]
Answer. Specific sports programmes are those programmes of sports which are not usually related to competitions. The programmes have various objectives like creating awareness, creating a sense of integration among people and raising funds for charitable organisations. Various specific sports programmes are

1. Health Run It is organised in almost every part of the world. In India, it is organised by many states to make people health conscious. For this, WHO allots sufficient funds to different organisations. These organisations organise and promote health runs. These health runs lay stress on removing deadly diseases. Health runs and rallies are organised every year in the world on 1st December to commemorate AIDS day. These runs give knowledge to people about AIDS, symptoms and causes and how to take preventive measures.
2. Run for Unity It is a kind of mass running which generates the feeling of unity. It is organised by different nations by their Central Government, State Government, Sports federations etc to create a feeling of oneness among the people. By organizing such runs, people of all ages from different states come together and such runs develop the feeling of patriotism in children and students feel that they all belong to one nation.
3. Run for Awareness Run for awareness can be organised by educational institutions to create awareness in the students about sports and games, about health, about a particular disease, about studies, about environment, about pollution or some other topic. Such races should be well planned before organizing them.

Question.23. What is a league tournament? Draw a fixture of 6 teams using round robin method. [CBSE 2012]
Answer. In this type of tournament, there is sufficient time to complete the tournament. In this, players or teams play against every other player or team.
There are two types of league tournaments
(i) Single league (ii) Double league
Fixture of 6 Teams There are three methods of drawing a fixture. We will show the cyclic method.
Cyclic Method Number of teams

Question.24. What do you understand by fixture? Draw a fixture of 13 teams in knock-out tournament.
Or
What do you mean by tournament? Draw a fixture of 13 teams in knock-out tournaments. [CBSE 2o11]
Answer. Fixture is a planned process of a tournament to be played. Fixture may be defined as schedule of the teams taking part in the tournament and the methods of deciding the course of competition’. A tournament is played according to the fixture.
A tournament is that series of sports in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams lose.
Types of Tournament:

1.  Knock-out tournament or Elimination tournament
2.  League tournament
3. Combination tournament

There are two types of combination tournament:

1. League cum knock-out
2. Knock-out cum league Fixture of 13 teams
   Total teams =13
   Total matches = N-1 = 13-1 = 12 matches
   

Question.25. Describe the various committees for the organisation of sports events.
Answer. The organisation of sports events requires a lot of planning. The planning is executed properly when different committees work together for the smooth conduct of the sports events.
The various committees are:

1. Technical Committee This committee is responsible for the technical conduct of the events. This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, recorders, starters, umpires, time keepers etc.
2. Transport Committee This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams to the venue of sports events.
3. Reception Committee The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the Chief Guest and spectators at opening and closing ceremonies.
4. Boarding and Lodging Committee This committee is responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons and other officials.
5. Ground and Equipment Committee This committee makes necessary arrangements of equipment related to the events.
6. Medical and First Aid Committee This committee is formed to provide medical assistance to
   participants round the clock.
7. Protest Committee In case of a protest against a judgement, the members of this committee decide about it.
8. Publicity Committee All the press releases and press conferences are conducted by this committee.
9. Finance Committee This committee is assigned to make the budget for the event and handle all the expenses.
10. Refreshment Committee This committee is formed to provide refreshment to the participants.

Question.26. What is league tournament? Draw a fixture of 9 teams participating in league tournament.
Answer. League Tournament It is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of tournament, all teams play against each other team irrespective of winning or losing.
The number of matches played in league tournament is calculated by

Question.27. What do you mean by a specific sports programme ? Explain Health Run and Run for Awareness.
Answer. Specific sports programmes are arranged in India and other countries to promote sports and games. These programmes create a feeling for taking part in sports and games. Students also become conscious that they must try to remain fit and healthy.
In most countries, sports programmes are often organised to keep the people aware about their health and to take part in sports activities.
Health Run To make people health conscious, health runs are organised in most places in India and other countries to make people aware, of deadly diseases like AIDS, Cancer, Tuberculosis, Dengue, Diabetes, Swine flu, Jaundice, Polio, Whooping cough etc. Health runs organised by World Health Organisation (WHO) lay stress on eradication of deadly diseases from the World. Run for Awareness Run for awareness can be organised by educational institutions to create awareness in the students about sports and games, about health, about a particular disease, about studies, about environment, about pollution or some other topic. Such races should be well planned before organising them.
Question.28. What do you understand by intramural? What is its importance?
Answer. The word intramural is derived from the Latin words intra and muros, which means within walls. The teams compete within the walls of an institution e.g. inter-class tournament or inter-house tournament in a school.
Importance of Intramurals:

1. It improves the sense of citizenship and adult living.
2. It helps in selection of teams for extramural competitions.
3. It brings out the hidden talent of the students.
4. It develops leadership qualities in students.
5.  It Creates recreational atmosphere among the teachers and students.
6. It helps the students to learn about the conduct of various games.
7. It develops the physical fitness of students.
8. It develops social values/qualities.
9. It develops personality.
10. It provides relaxation from strenuous school work.